AR and prostate carcinoma: These include oestrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoid, and the adrenal hormone androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol (AED), a multi-potent hormone that is an androgen and oestrogen precursor, with the ability to directly transactivate AR and ER in prostate cancer cells (Miyamoto et al, 1998; Maggiolini et al, 2004).