TNF and neoplasm: Dogs in the initial five cohorts (n = 18) received RGD-A-TNF followed by definitive surgical resection of their tumors four days later (tumor and control normal tissues were collected post treatment); an additional sixth cohort (n = 6) received RGD-A-TNF and underwent definitive surgery on the same day (4–6 hours following intravenous administration) (Fig 1B).