In cells lacking TLR9, such as prostate cancer PC3 cells, treatment with phosphorothioate CpG ODNs had no effect unless co-administered with Lipofection transfection agent suggesting that phosphorothioate CpG ODNs could also function in a TLR9-independent manner and that liposome-encapsulation of CpG ODNs could potentially expand the variety of cell types responding to the CpG ODN [153]. Here, TLR9 is linked to Familial prostate cancer.