The presence of TGF-β1 in themesangial cells refers to a mechanism by which high-glucose milieu inducesinflammatory and profibrotic cytokine production in glomerular cells (Figure 1(f)).In diabetic nephropathy, mesangial cells as well as podocytes and interstitialcells can secrete monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and TGF-β1 whichmay initiate macrophage infiltration into the kidney [10, 12–15]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.