It is possible thatthe transcriptional activity of PPARγ in the duct cells isupregulated by insulin and C-protein, a protein fragment of proinsulin [54].Both insulin and C-peptide can induce a concentration-dependent activation ofPPARγ and both agents canaugment the TZD-stimulated PPARγ activity giving the possibilitythat hyperinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes can augment PPARγ as well as PPARγ-regulated SREBP-1 genefunctions. Here, INS is linked to hyperinsulinism.