TP53 and infection: Following infection by HPV, oncoproteins from the virus integrate with the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb, which in turn alter the function of oncoproteins, thereby resulting in uncontrolled transcription activity, abnormal DNA replication and cell division, hence leading to tumor formation.38 Our results showed that the women with HPV infection had an elevated frequency of micronuclei in relation to the control group.