The most clinically advanced form of stem cell therapy, hematopoietic stem cells, either extracted from bone marrow by iliac crest puncture, or by G-CSF mobilization, has demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy in conditions such as heart failure [28,29], liver failure [30,31], peripheral artery disease [32-35], and spinal cord injury [36-38]. The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is peripheral arterial disease.