HTLV-1 tax mRNA was not expressed in 60.7% (34 out of 56) of HAM/TSP patients, 71.1% (27 out of 38) of HCs and 30.0% (3 out of 10) of ATL patients, whereas HTLV-1 HBZ mRNA was expressed in all the infected individuals tested. The gene discussed is CNTN2; the disease is tropical spastic paraparesis.