TNF and tropical spastic paraparesis: In HAM/TSP patients, it has been reported that several cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases transactivated by Tax protein such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [14], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [15] and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 [16] are overexpressed in the infiltrating mononuclear cells in the patients' spinal cords.