Other studies that done on ischemic and heart failure animal models have also shown that over-expression and activity of PKC could induce the expression of proto-oncogene such as c-fos, c-jun, leading to increased AP-1 (activator protein), with AP-1 potentially stimulate the transcription of type IV collagen, fibronectin, TGF-β and so on. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and heart failure.