The dual-acting PPARα+γ agonist muraglitazar also causedurothelial tumours in rats, but in this case it was concluded that aurolithiasis-mediated mechanism was responsible [27, 29, 114, 115].In contrast, uroliths were not involved in the urothelial cancers seen inragaglitazar or naveglitazar-treated rats [29, 31].Furthermore, tesaglitazar did not induce bladder cancers in rats [13]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and urinary bladder carcinoma.