Genes up-regulated by C. jejuni that have been associated with active ulcerative colitis/IBD include chemokines [51], such as IL8 and CCL20 (macrophage inflammatory protein 3α) [52-54] cytokines, including TNFα [55], eicosanoids [53] and elafin [56]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.