CD8+ T cell responses were detected only against MSP-133, and their ability to mediate liver-stage protection is consistent with the expression of MSP-1 during liver-stage infection (Sacci et al., 2005) and a previous MSP-1 study that demonstrated comparable liver-stage efficacy (Kawabata et al., 2002) using a T cell-inducing vaccine technology that required intravenous vaccine administration. Here, ATAD1 is linked to infection.