IRF1 and anemia (phenotype): The application of the single locus TDT to the 18 IRF1 SNPs revealed no evidence of association (all P-values>0.05) across all populations, neither with severe malaria or with the sub-phenotypes of cerebral malaria (CM) and severe malaria anaemia (SA) under any of the models tested (additive, dominant, recessive and heterozygous advantage).