In contrast to CD4+IFNγ+ T cells frequencies, the percentage of CD4+IL-4+ T cells in all groups significantly increased on POD 2 (5.1 ± 2.7% in gastric resection, 4.5 ± 2.7% in colorectal resection, 5.5 ± 2.8% in hepatic resection and 3.2 ± 3.0% in LC) compared with before surgery (4.1 ± 2.5% in gastric resection, 2.6 ± 1.5% in colorectal resection, 3.3 ± 2.6% in hepatic resection and 1.6 ± 1.3% in LC) (Fig. 4). Here, IFNG is linked to laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.