TNF and Sepsis: In particular, HIF effects (via hepcidin) the mobilisation or iron and can cause the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α [2254-2256] under conditions (hypoxia) where superoxide and peroxide production are likely to be increased, and consequently increases sepsis (in that HIF-knockout mice are resistant to LPS-induced sepsis [2254,2255]).