NFKB1 and colitis: The bases of the protective action of PPARγ in colitis are reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, attenuated expression of ICAM-1 and COX-2, inhibition of NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK, and modification of immune cell activity[44, 95, 98, 99, 102, 105–107].