These include R-RAS and MASP in GC (Akiyama et al, 2003; Nishigaki et al, 2005), MAGE1 in melanoma (De Smet et al, 1996), S100A4 in colon cancer (Nakamura and Takenaga, 1998), PAX2 in endometrial cancer (Wu et al, 2005), DNMT3A in testicular germ cell tumours (Ishii et al, 2007), and various genes in pancreatic cancer (Sato et al, 2003). This evidence concerns the gene PAX2 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.