For example, Nanog (fold = 13.3, q < 0.0005), Oct4 (fold = 3.8, q < 0.0005), Sox2 (fold = 1.5, q = 0.018) and LIN28 (fold = 2.3, q = 0.033) were all significantly downregulated in primary malignant melanoma samples compared to normal skin samples (GDS1375). The gene discussed is NANOG; the disease is melanoma.