Macrophages, endothelial cells, preadipocytes,and perhaps even lymphocytes are present in adipose depots and establish acomplex regulatory cross-talk that is altered by HIV-1 infection, and which mayultimately lead to disturbances in adipocytes and in the whole adipose mass (see Figure 1).All of these cell types express PPARγ, and the pivotal role of this receptor inadipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory pathwayspoint to this receptor as a key target of future research on adipose tissuedisturbances in the HIV-1/HAART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. This evidence concerns the gene INS and HIV-1 infection.