Our studies indicate that protection from SARS-CoV infection correlates with MyD88-dependent induction of IL1-β, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and RANTES at early times post infection and many of these cytokines/chemokines were upregulated in human SARS-CoV cases [9],[45]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and severe acute respiratory syndrome.