MIF and inflammation: Our recent experimental evidence indicates that MIF participates in bladder inflammation since: (1) MIF is constitutively expressed in the urothelium [4], [5]; (2) bladder MIF expression is upregulated in different models of experimental cystitis in animals [6], [7]; (3) MIF is released from the bladder during experimental cystitis [6], [8], [9] and urinary tract infections in humans [10] and finally, (4) neutralizing MIF with intravesical antibodies decreased experimental bladder inflammation [7].