INS and hyperlipidemia: In our earlier work with chlorpyrifos, we found that neonatal exposure altered the programming of metabolic function, enhancing hepatic responses to inputs mediating gluconeogenesis and lipolysis (Meyer et al. 2004), with glucose homeostasis maintained only through increased circulating insulin levels and attendant hyperlipidemia, essentially producing a prediabetic state (Slotkin et al. 2005).