Indeed, several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines – such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1, IL-6 and CXC-chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8; also known as IL-8), all of which are encoded by the target genes of the IKK-β-dependent NF-κB activation pathway – are associated with tumour development and progression in humans and mice. Here, CXCL8 is linked to neoplasm.