PPARA and colonic neoplasm: Although the weight of evidence points towards an anti-inflammatory rolefor PPARα, oxidised lipids that can activate PPARα havebeen shown to increase the release of neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 and MCP-1from endothelial cells [30].Similarly, PPARα ligands induce COX-2 in human breast and colon cancer cells [97, 98].