PRKCD and colonic neoplasm: In earlier studies, PEP005 was shown to modulate PKCs by activating PKCδ in human myeloid leukaemia cancer cell lines, thereby inducing cellular apoptosis (Hampson et al, 2005) in melanoma models, inducing senescence through PKC-mediated activation of the MAPK pathway (Cozzi et al, 2006) and in colon cancer models, inducing apoptosis through the inhibition of the AKT signalling pathway (Serova et al., 2008).