PTX3 is produced by a variety of cell types, including monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [39], all of which are reported to be essential factors in the pathogenesis and progression of NASH [40-42]. Here, IL1B is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.