TNF and infection: Upregulation of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, macrophage inhibitory protein-1/2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and recently also type I IFN has been observed in experimental and clinical infections with wt as well as with recombinant Ads [6],[7],[8],[9],[10].