TNF and melanoma: In addition to suppressing TNF-induced activation of AP-1 in a variety of cells, inhibiting TPA-induced expression of c-Fos and c-Jun in mouse skin, and inhibiting anchorage-independent growth of melanoma cells [18-20], resveratrol suppressed TPA-induced expression of MMP-9 by inhibition of AP-1 activation through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and PKC-delta pathways [26] and protected against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced apoptosis by blocking AP-1 signaling through JNK [27].