Importance of total:HDL ratio has been highlighted in the Physicians Health Study that reported relative risk (RR) of acute myocardial infarction in the top vs. bottom quintile of total:HDL cholesterol ratio was 3.73 (95% confidence interval 1.95–7.12) and was substantially greater than total cholesterol (RR 1.86; 1.05–3.28), HDL cholesterol (0.38; 0.21–0.69), and apolipoprotein B (2.50; 1.31–4.75) [45]. This evidence concerns the gene APOB and acute myocardial infarction.