TNF and Insulin resistance: It has been demonstrated that visceral adipose tissue produces and secrets a variety of bioactivity substances termed adipocytokines, such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), angiotensin II and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), which induce insulin resistance, oxidative stress and development of hypertension [61].