Based on our selection criteria, three genes (C16orf5 [GenBank:NM_013339], LOX [GenBank:NM_002317], and SULF-1 [GenBank:NM_001128206]) showed the expected gene expression behavior in the four sample groups, exhibiting slight or no difference between the group with no invasive program (non-neoplastic and pure DCIS) and that in which the invasive program is already established (DCIS-IDC and IDC; Figure 4a). This evidence concerns the gene CDIP1 and ductal breast carcinoma in situ.