INS and infection: Comparison of the transcriptional response to infection in mutants of each of the p38 MAPK, Sma/TGF-β, and insulin-like signaling pathways to the response in wildtype N2 worms confirms that the insulin-like signaling mutant, daf-2(e1370), suppresses a portion of the wildtype response to PA14 infection in a fashion distinct from the effects of loss of p38 MAPK or TGF-β signaling (Figure 2C–2E).