An early report on TNF-based ILP from four centers in Europe showed significantly increased complete response rates, of up to 90%, compared with a 52% complete response rate following ILP in these centers when melphalan alone was used.19 Finally, Grünhagen et al.11 demonstrated the very high efficacy of TNF-based ILP in melanoma patients, in terms of both local disease control and survival. Here, TNF is linked to melanoma.