Subsequent studies on this polymorphism have been conflicting, however, with some reporting an increased risk of prostate cancer or higher PSA levels associated with the G allele (Chiang et al, 2004; Binnie et al, 2005; Schatzl et al, 2005), increased risk with the A allele (Gsur et al, 2002; Medeiros et al, 2002; Lai et al, 2007) or no association with risk (Xu et al, 2002; Rao et al, 2003; Wang et al, 2003; Severi et al, 2006; Sieh et al, 2006). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate carcinoma.