Of the breast carcinomas, four of 16 (25%) revealed abundant DKK3 protein expression (IRS = 9 to 12; Figure 6b) in contrast to seven of 16 tumours (44%), which showed partial loss (IRS = 4 to 8; Figure 6c), and five of 16 tumours (31%) with substantial loss of DKK3 protein (IRS = 0 to 3; Figure 6d and Table 3). The gene discussed is IARS1; the disease is neoplasm.