INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Inadult obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders (which have strictassociations with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, and are oftenreferred to as metabolic syndrome [1]), a disturbance of lipidhomeostasis causes excess fat accumulation in various tissues (predominantly inadipose tissues, but also in other insulin-responsive organs, such as skeletalmuscle and liver).