G2/M – a later checkpoint, prevents cells from entering into mitosis via inhibition of Cdc2/cyclin B. Interestingly, three key proteins that regulate this checkpoint are encoded by genes that were highly expressed in the carcinoma tumors: p21, which inhibits Cdc2 directly, 14-3-3σ, which anchors Cdc2 in the cytoplasm where it cannot induce mitosis, and GAdd45, which specifically dissociates Cdc2 from cyclin B1 by co-association with Cdc2 [39,41]. This evidence concerns the gene GADD45A and carcinoma.