In contrast to blockade commenced prior to infection, this delayed blockade failed to have any effect on parasite burden (Figure 3A), the formation of granulomas (Figure 3B and C), or numbers of hepatic mononuclear cells (MNC; Figure 3D), indicating that VCAM-1/VLA-4 interactions played no role in leukocyte recruitment to the liver. The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is infection.