ATF2 and viral infectious disease: STAG2, an enhancer of TNF production (Lara-Pezzi et al., 2004), and the member of the MAPK pathway, ATF2, a transcription activator of both IFN-β and TNF-α in response to virus infection (Biron & Sen, 2001; Tsai et al., 1996), were downregulated.