ESR1 and breast cancer: Enhanced gene expression by carbanilide compounds in the presence of endogenous steroids in the AR- and ER-mediated reporter gene bioassays (present study) and the increased expression of AR protein by TCC and testosterone in MDA-kb2 human breast cancer cells (Chen et al. 2008) suggest that the carbanilides may sensitize the complex of receptor-associating proteins similar to cofactors or coactivators common in cells containing ER and AR (Chang and McDonnell 2005; McDonnell and Norris 2002).