This result falls in line with those of Lopez-Lloyd and colleagues who reported that other members of the PGC-1α pathway including peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR)α and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs), showed increased expression in primary rat hepatoma cells and Fao cells cultured in serum collected from CR-fed rats compared to cells cultured in serum from AL-fed rats[48]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARGC1A and hepatocellular carcinoma.