SPPARMs such as INT131would appear to be at lower risk for demonstrating carcinogenic activity thanPPARγ fullagonists and dualPPARα/γ agonists (Figure 10) for several reasons.First, many of the PPAR binding molecules that caused tumors in the rodentstudies were PPARα/γ dual agonist with which multispecies,multitissue, and both-sex tumor incidence occurred [23]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and neoplasm.