VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: In addition, activated macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, that contribute to the induction of the expression of MCP-1, M-CSF, ICAM1, and VCAM1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) [21] and the expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 in human neonatal dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HNDLECs) [22] and the development of atherosclerosis.