NKX3A, a homolog of NKX2–5 that functions to activate N-cadherin expression in cardiac development, may function in a similar manner by activating N-cadherin expression, which has been shown to be highly expressed in metastatic cancer cells [37-41] and is upregulated during RPE de-differentiation. This evidence concerns the gene NKX3-1 and metastatic malignant neoplasm.