HMGB1 and Sepsis: For many years the extranuclear functions of HMGB1 were little studied (with the notable exception of studies on amphoterin, the other name of HMGB1, by Rauvala and coworkers [4]), until Wang et al. [5] strikingly showed that, in addition to its nuclear functions, HMGB1 was involved in sepsis as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice.