Dickkopf-3 may interact to inhibit wnt-signalling pathways (Hoang et al, 2004), and its loss in UCC and other cancers corresponds to a tumour suppressor effect (Nozaki et al, 2001; Kurose et al, 2004; Kawano et al, 2006; Urakami et al, 2006). This evidence concerns the gene DKK3 and neoplasm.