The dilemma caused by this finding is well stated by Yang et al. [62]: "How can asbestos cause MM [malignant mesothelioma] if HM [human mesothelial cells] exposed to asbestos die?" They show in vitro that asbestos induces the expression of TNF-α and its receptor in human mesothelial cells, and that cell survival may be mediated by the NF-κB pathway downstream of receptor activation. Here, TNF is linked to malignant mesothelioma.