VEGFA and neoplasm: CLA studies in our laboratory [5-7] demonstrated the anti-tumor effect of CLA (I) on angiogenesis by suppression of the predominant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms, VEGF 121 and 165, and mRNA expression in a human breast cancer cell line; (II) via up-regulation of the estrogen-regulated cancer suppressor gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase γ (PTPγ) in human breast cells; and (III) by modulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling in canine mammary cells.