When unfractionated whole sera of negative control women unaffected by cancer (n = 30) were subjected to 2-DE and silver staining under the resolving conditions adopted in the present study, the high abundance proteins that were detected include albumin, the heavy and light chains of IgA, IgG and IgM, two groups of CLU (CLU and CLU2), AHS, ABG, AAT and its fragment AATf, ACT, CPL, β chains of HAP (HAP), leucine rich glycoprotein (LRG) and hemopexin (HPX) (Figure 1, panel A). Here, HPX is linked to cancer.