MAPK3 and neoplasm: MAPKs are also likely to be involved in molecular mechanisms for the action of Cd2+, as it was reported that the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK occurs in renal cells (mesangial or glomerular) (Hirano et al. 2005), macrophages (Misra et al. 2002), and tumor cell lineages (Lee et al. 2005).