MAPKs are also likely to be involved in molecular mechanisms for the action of Cd2+, as it was reported that the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK occurs in renal cells (mesangial or glomerular) (Hirano et al. 2005), macrophages (Misra et al. 2002), and tumor cell lineages (Lee et al. 2005). Here, CD2 is linked to neoplasm.