Additional cytokines (Th1, IL-12p40 [r = −0.212, P<0.01], and Th2, IL-4 and IL-13 [r = −0.165 and −0.189, respectively, P<0.05 for both]) were negatively associated with chronic scarring trachoma, suggesting a protective role. Here, IL4 is linked to inclusion conjunctivitis.